bplist00!_WebSubresources_WebMainResource_WebSubframeArchives|#$(-159=>?CDHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_cdefghijklmnopqrsw{|}~      _WebResourceResponse_WebResourceData^WebResourceURL_WebResourceMIMETypeObplist00 Y$archiverX$versionT$topX$objects_NSKeyedArchiver _WebResourceResponse )/078?JUZNS.objectsWNS.keys@ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRST VServer]Last-Modified]Cache-Control]Accept-RangesTDate^Content-LengthZConnectionWX-Cache\Content-TypeSAge_Sun-Java-System-Web-Server/7.0_Tue, 15 May 2007 22:09:18 GMTVpublicUbytes_Wed, 18 Jul 2007 17:55:56 GMTT8832Zkeep-alive_ HIT from sciam-cache01.sciam.comT200312jkkl6_NSMutableDictionary\NSDictionary12noo6_NSHTTPURLResponseInternal12qrrs6_NSHTTPURLResponse]NSURLResponse$)2DILbd  %1357hmv   .<AP[cpt#9FKNjostO"/* CSS Document */ body { margin:0; padding:0; font-family : Arial, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; color : #000000; } /* document container */ #container{ background-color:#FFFFFF; margin:0; padding:0; width:800px; text-align:left; } /* top banner ad space */ #top_banner { width:800px; padding:0px; margin-bottom:4px; text-align:center; height: 90px; width:inherit; } /* header */ #header{ width:800px; background-color:#000000; } /* topnav */ #topnav { width:799px; margin:0; padding:0; height:40px; position:relative; background-color:#FFFFFF; border-right:1px solid #666666; } #topnav div { height: 20px; white-space:nowrap; border-bottom: 1px solid #666666; } #topnav div a { display:block; float:left; border-right: 1px solid #CCCCCC; white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none; color: #666666; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px 5px; margin:0; } #topnav div a.red { color: #fff; background-color:#CC0000; } #topnav div a.red:hover { color: #CC0000; background-color:#fff; } #topnav div a:hover { color: #FFFFFF; background-color:#666666; } #topnav div.bottom a { font-size: 11px; } /* -- topnav_date -- */ #topnav_date { width: 800px; clear: both; height: 16px; margin:0; padding:0; background-color: #000000; border-top: solid #FF6600 4px; } #topnav_date div { margin:auto; position:relative; display:inline; } #topnav_date #left { float:left; } #topnav_date #right { float:right; } /* ------- PAGE ------- */ #page { width:800px; border:0; padding:0; margin-top: 10px; voice-family: "\"}\""; voice-family:inherit; width:840px; } /* -- global page styles -- */ #page .title, #page .title a { margin-bottom: 2px; font-weight: bold; font-size:14px; color:#000000; } #page .browsesubject, #page .browsesubject a { margin-bottom: 2px; font-weight: bold; font-size:14px; color:#000; } #page ol li { list-style-type:decimal; } #page li, #page a.home, #page li a { list-style-type: none; list-style-position: outside; font-size:13px; margin-bottom:8px; font-weight: normal; } #page .browse { background-color:#666666; width:462px; height:22px; padding:4px; } #page #rssdisp a { float:right; clear:both; font-size:14px; color: #666; text-decoration:none } /* --- main content section --- */ #maincontent{ position: relative; float: left; left: 10px; width: 471px; padding-right: 5px; } #maincontent{ border-right: solid #666666 1px; min-height:100%; } #maincontent .left{ clear: both; width: 229px; float: left; } #maincontent .right{ width: 229px; float: right; margin-bottom: 16px; } #maincontent .section { margin-bottom: 6px; } #maincontent .bottom { width: 471px; clear: both; } /* --- rightnav --- */ #sidecontent{ position: relative; float: right; width: 345px; padding-left: 5px; } #sidecontent .title, #sidecontent .title a { margin-bottom: 2px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12px; color:#000000; } #sidecontent #container { width: 345px; padding:0; margin:0; } #sidecontent li a { font-weight:normal; } #sidecontent #container .left { position:relative; float:left; width:175px; margin-right:6px; } #sidecontent #container .right { position:relative; float:right; width:160px; } #sidecontent .section, #sidecontent_wide .section { margin-bottom: 5px; } #maincontent_wide { position: relative; float: left; left: 10px; width: 640px; border-right: solid #666666 1px; margin-top:10px; padding-right:5px; } #sidecontent_wide{ position: relative; float: right; width: 150px; margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; padding-right:1.5em; } #bottomcontent{ clear: both; /*border-top: solid #666666 1px; padding-top:10px; position: relative;*/ } #footer{ clear:both; border-top: solid #666666 1px; text-align: center; padding-top: 15px; margin-top:10px; padding-bottom: 15px; width:800px; } #footer, #footer a { font-size:11px; } /* //////////////// ---/ right nav pods --- ///////////////// */ #pod{ background:url('/media/struct/tab_right.gif') no-repeat right top; margin:0px; padding:0px; } #pod_large { background:url('/media/struct/tab_right_lg.gif') no-repeat right top; margin:0px; padding:0px; } #pod #tabs { border-bottom:1px solid #999999; float:left; font-size:93%; line-height:normal; cursor:pointer; margin:0; padding:0; } #pod #tabs ul { list-style:none; margin:0px; padding:0px; } #pod #tabs li, #pod #tabs .inactive { float:left; background:url('/media/struct/tab_right.gif') no-repeat right top; margin:0px; padding:0px; } #pod #tabs a, #pod #tabs .inactive a { display:block; background:url('/media/struct/tab_left.gif') no-repeat left top; padding:5px 10px 5px 10px; margin:0px; font-weight:bold; color:#000; text-decoration:none; font-size:12px; } #pod #tabs .inactive { background:url('/media/struct/tab_right_off.gif') no-repeat right top; } #pod #tabs .inactive a { background:url('/media/struct/tab_left_off.gif') no-repeat left top; color:#FFFFFF; } #pod #title { display:block; background:url('/media/struct/tab_left.gif') no-repeat left top; margin:0; height:21px; padding:6px 0px 0px 5px; border-bottom:1px solid #999999; } .righttext { /* for "Submit your videos >" text in the Video pod */ float:right; clear:inherit } #pod_large #title { display:block; background:url('/media/struct/tab_left_lg.gif') no-repeat left top; height:47px; margin:0; padding:2px 0px 0px 5px; border-bottom:1px solid #999999; } #pod #title a, #pod_large #title a { color:#000000; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold; } #pod #pod_content li, #pod .pod_content li, #pod_large .pod_content li, #pod #pod_content li a, #pod .pod_content li a, #pod_large .pod_content li a { list-style:none; list-style-position:outside; padding:2px 0px 2px 2px; margin:0px; display:block; font-size:11px; } #pod #pod_content, #pod .pod_content, #pod_large .pod_content { clear:both; background-color:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #999999; border-top:0px; } /* //////////////// --- edlevine text links --- ///////////////// */ #textLinks { width:302px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:11px; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; } #textLinks .title { background-color:#CCCCCC; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0; } #textLinks .container { margin-top:5px; margin-left:5px; } #textLinks .container a { color:#0033cc; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; } #textLinks .container a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } /* //////////////// --- channel page tabs --- ///////////////// */ div.channelTabs { border-bottom: 1px solid #666666; border-left: 1px solid #666666; height:20px; margin-bottom:10px; } div.channelTabs a, div.channelTabs a:visited { display:block; float:left; border-top: 1px solid #666666; border-right: 1px solid #666666; white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none; color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; padding: 2px 5px; } div.channelTabs a:hover, div.channelTabs a.active, div.channelTabs a:visited.active { color:#FFFFFF; background:#000000; } /* /////////// --- topstory news --- /////////////// */ #topstory { width:230px; background:#F3F3F2; border:1px solid #999; margin:0; } #topstory .title { padding:3px; display:inline; } #topstory .page { margin-left:75px; display:inline; font-size:12px; text-align:right; } #topstory .image { border-top:1px solid #999; border-bottom:1px solid #999; width:230px; height:148px; } #topstory .credit { text-align:right; margin:0; padding-right:2px; text-transform:uppercase; color:#999; font-size:10px; } #topstory .desc { padding:3px; font-size: 12px; } #topstory .desc a { font-size:15px; font-weight:bold; } /* ---- TOOL BAR ---- */ .toolBar { background-color:#9BCDFF; height:20px; width:450px; border-bottom:3px solid #9BCDFF; border-top:3px solid #9BCDFF;} .toolBar td { background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .toolBar td a, .toolBar td a:hover, .toolBar td a:visited { color: #000000; text-decoration: none; } .toolBar td img { vertical-align:text-bottom; margin: 0 2px 0 4px; } .toolBar td span { vertical-align:middle; padding-right: 4px; background-color: #FFFFFF; } _.http://www.sciam.com/includes/sciam_layout.cssXtext/css  Obplist00 Y$archiverX$versionT$topX$objects_NSKeyedArchiver _WebResourceResponse )/078?JUZNS.objectsWNS.keys@ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRST VServer]Last-Modified]Cache-Control]Accept-RangesTDate^Content-LengthZConnectionWX-Cache\Content-TypeSAge_Sun-Java-System-Web-Server/7.0_Fri, 06 Jul 2007 15:32:40 GMTVpublicUbytes_Wed, 18 Jul 2007 17:55:56 GMTT8461Zkeep-alive_ HIT from sciam-cache01.sciam.comT200312jkkl6_NSMutableDictionary\NSDictionary12noo6_NSHTTPURLResponseInternal12qrrs6_NSHTTPURLResponse]NSURLResponse$)2DILbd  %1357afoz~ '5:IT\im2?DGchltO! _'http://www.sciam.com/includes/sciam.css Obplist00 Y$archiverX$versionT$topX$objects_NSKeyedArchiver _WebResourceResponse )/078?JUZNS.objectsWNS.keys@ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRST VServer]Last-Modified]Cache-Control]Accept-RangesTDate^Content-LengthZConnectionWX-Cache\Content-TypeSAge_Sun-Java-System-Web-Server/7.0_Mon, 16 Apr 2007 14:43:41 GMTVpublicUbytes_Wed, 18 Jul 2007 17:55:55 GMTT1554Zkeep-alive_ HIT from sciam-cache02.sciam.comS56612jkkl6_NSMutableDictionary\NSDictionary12noo6_NSHTTPURLResponseInternal12qrrs6_NSHTTPURLResponse]NSURLResponse$)2DILbd  %1357glu  #1?MRalt&*/3IV[^ztOfunction WinPopUnder(file,win,w,h,left,top) { TheNewWin=window.open(file,win,'width='+w+',height='+h+',left='+left+',top='+top+',status=no,toolbar=no,menubar=no'); TheNewWin.blur(); window.focus(); } //generic window opening function function WinOpen(file,win,w,h,left,top) { Win=window.open(file,win,'width='+w+',height='+h+',left='+left+',top='+top+',status=no,toolbar=no,menubar=no'); Win.focus(); } function WinScrollOpen(file,win,w,h,left,top) { Win=window.open(file,win,'width='+w+',height='+h+',left='+left+',top='+top+',scrollbars=yes,status=no,toolbar=no,menubar=no'); Win.focus(); } function DoOpen(url,win,w,h) { if (!win) { win='_blank'; } if (!w) { w=500; } if (!h) { h=400; } Win=window.open(url,win,'width='+w+',height='+h+',left='+200+',top='+80+',status=yes,toolbar=no,menubar=no,scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes'); Win.focus(); } function DoOpenNoScroll(url,win,w,h) { if (!win) { win='_blank'; } if (!w) { w=500; } if (!h) { h=400; } Win=window.open(url,win,'width='+w+',height='+h+',left='+200+',top='+80+',status=no,toolbar=no,menubar=no,scrollbars=no,resizable=no'); Win.focus(); } function checkform ( form ) { // see http://www.thesitewizard.com/archive/validation.shtml // for an explanation of this script and how to use it on your // own website // ** START ** if (form.Q.value == "") { alert( "Please remember to include a search term" ); form.Q.focus(); return false ; } // ** END ** return true ; } //--> _-http://www.sciam.com/includes/js/functions.js_application/x-javascript Obplist00 Y$archiverX$versionT$topX$objects_NSKeyedArchiver _WebResourceResponse )/078?JUZNS.objectsWNS.keys@ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRST VServer]Last-Modified]Cache-Control]Accept-RangesTDate^Content-LengthZConnectionWX-Cache\Content-TypeSAge_Sun-Java-System-Web-Server/7.0_Tue, 09 Jan 2007 15:46:06 GMTVpublicUbytes_Wed, 18 Jul 2007 17:55:55 GMTS970Zkeep-alive_ HIT from sciam-cache02.sciam.comS56612jkkl6_NSMutableDictionary\NSDictionary12noo6_NSHTTPURLResponseInternal12qrrs6_NSHTTPURLResponse]NSURLResponse$)2DILbd  %1357ejs~  !/=KP_jr#',0FSX[w|tOfunction getCookie(NameOfCookie) { if (document.cookie.length > 0) { begin = document.cookie.indexOf(NameOfCookie+"="); if (begin != -1) { begin += NameOfCookie.length+1; end = document.cookie.indexOf(";", begin); if (end == -1) { end = document.cookie.length; } return unescape(document.cookie.substring(begin, end)); } } return null; } function setCookie(NameOfCookie, value, expiredays, domain) { var ExpireDate = new Date (); var DomainString = ""; ExpireDate.setTime(ExpireDate.getTime() + (expiredays * 24 * 3600 * 1000)); if (domain) { DomainString = "; domain=" + domain; // : "" } document.cookie = NameOfCookie + "=" + escape(value) + ((expiredays == null) ? "" : "; path=/; expires=" + ExpireDate.toGMTString()) + DomainString; } function delCookie (NameOfCookie) { if (getCookie(NameOfCookie)) { document.cookie = NameOfCookie + "=" + "; expires=Wed, 24-Oct-79 00:00:01 GMT"; } }_+http://www.sciam.com/includes/js/cookies.js Obplist00 Y$archiverX$versionT$topX$objects_NSKeyedArchiver _WebResourceResponse )/078?JUZNS.objectsWNS.keys@ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRST VServer]Last-Modified]Cache-Control]Accept-RangesTDate^Content-LengthZConnectionWX-Cache\Content-TypeSAge_Sun-Java-System-Web-Server/7.0_Thu, 20 Jul 2006 20:40:18 GMTVpublicUbytes_Wed, 18 Jul 2007 17:55:56 GMTT5007Zkeep-alive_ HIT from sciam-cache01.sciam.comT200312jkkl6_NSMutableDictionary\NSDictionary12noo6_NSHTTPURLResponseInternal12qrrs6_NSHTTPURLResponse]NSURLResponse$)2DILbd  %1357jox   &4BPUdow).37MZ_b~tO/*********************************************** * Amazon style Drop-in content box- Dynamic Drive DHTML code library (www.dynamicdrive.com) * Visit DynamicDrive.com for hundreds of DHTML scripts * This notice must stay intact for legal use * Go to http://www.dynamicdrive.com/ for full source code ***********************************************/ //var bool_dhtmlPOPup=true; //if( !getCookie('SOIPOPUP0503') && bool_dhtmlPOPup ){ //specify vars and functions here var dropboxleft=165 //set left position of box (in px) var dropboxtop=100 //set top position of box (in px) var dropspeed=15 //set speed of drop animation (larger=faster) //Specify display mode. 3 possible values are: //1) "always"- This makes the fade-in box load each time the page is displayed //2) "oncepersession"- This uses cookies to display the fade-in box only once per browser session //3) integer (ie: 5)- Finally, you can specify an integer to display the box randomly via a frequency of 1/integer... // For example, 2 would display the box about (1/2) 50% of the time the page loads. var displaymode="always" ///Don't edit beyond here/////////// if (parseInt(displaymode)!=NaN) var random_num=Math.floor(Math.random()*displaymode) var ie=document.all var dom=document.getElementById function initboxv2(){ if (!dom&&!ie) return crossboxcover=(dom)?document.getElementById("dropinboxv2cover") : document.all.dropinboxv2cover crossbox=(dom)?document.getElementById("dropinboxv2"): document.all.dropinboxv2 scroll_top=(ie)? truebody().scrollTop : window.pageYOffset crossbox.height=crossbox.offsetHeight crossboxcover.style.height=parseInt(crossbox.height)+"px" crossbox.style.top=crossbox.height*(-1)+"px" crossboxcover.style.left=dropboxleft+"px" crossboxcover.style.top=dropboxtop+"px" crossboxcover.style.visibility=(dom||ie)? "visible" : "show" dropstart=setInterval("dropinv2()",50) } function dropinv2(){ scroll_top=(ie)? truebody().scrollTop : window.pageYOffset if (parseInt(crossbox.style.top)<0){ crossboxcover.style.top=scroll_top+dropboxtop+"px" crossbox.style.top=parseInt(crossbox.style.top)+dropspeed+"px" } else{ clearInterval(dropstart) crossbox.style.top=0 } } function dismissboxv2(){ if (window.dropstart) clearInterval(dropstart) crossboxcover.style.visibility="hidden" } function truebody(){ return (document.compatMode && document.compatMode!="BackCompat")? document.documentElement : document.body } function get_cookie(Name) { var search = Name + "=" var returnvalue = "" if (document.cookie.length > 0) { offset = document.cookie.indexOf(search) if (offset != -1) { offset += search.length end = document.cookie.indexOf(";", offset) if (end == -1) { end = document.cookie.length; } returnvalue=unescape(document.cookie.substring(offset, end)) } } return returnvalue; } //logic to check which cookie and what to set //bool_dhtmlPOPup will turn on the dhtml popup //SOIPOPUP0503: controls subscription ad popup (exp 7 days) //SUBPOP: controls the audience poll popup viewing (exp 28 days) //SUBSTATUS: controls the audience poll popup filled out (exp 180 days) if( bool_dhtmlPOPup && !getCookie('SOIPOPUP0503') && !getCookie('SUBPOP') && !getCookie('SUBSTATUS')){ setCookie('SUBPOP', 'prelim', 1); if (getCookie('SUBPOP')){ if (displaymode=="oncepersession" && get_cookie("droppedinv2")=="" || displaymode=="always" || parseInt( displaymode ) != NaN && random_num == 0 ) { if (window.addEventListener) { window.addEventListener("load", initboxv2, false) } else if (window.attachEvent) { window.attachEvent("onload", initboxv2) } else if (document.getElementById || document.all) { window.onload = initboxv2 } if (displaymode=="oncepersession") { document.cookie="droppedinv2=yes" } } setCookie('SUBPOP', 'shown', 28); } } else { //try to show regular ad popup // if( bool_dhtmlPOPup && !getCookie('SOIPOPUP0503') && getCookie('SUBPOP') && (!getCookie('SUBSTATUS') ||getCookie('SUBSTATUS').indexOf("NA") >= 0)){ setCookie('SOIPOPUP0503', 'prelim', 1); if (getCookie('SOIPOPUP0503')){ if (displaymode=="oncepersession" && get_cookie("droppedinv2")=="" || displaymode=="always" || parseInt( displaymode ) != NaN && random_num == 0 ) { if (window.addEventListener) { window.addEventListener("load", initboxv2, false) } else if (window.attachEvent) { window.attachEvent("onload", initboxv2) } else if (document.getElementById || document.all) { window.onload = initboxv2 } if (displaymode=="oncepersession") { document.cookie="droppedinv2=yes" } } setCookie('SOIPOPUP0503', 'doshow', 1); // this tells footer to show the ad tag call; footer will set cookie to expire in 7 days after ad tag is displayed. } } } _0http://www.sciam.com/includes/js/dhtml3_popup.js !"Obplist00 Y$archiverX$versionT$topX$objects_NSKeyedArchiver _WebResourceResponse )/078?JUZNS.objectsWNS.keys@ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRST VServer]Last-Modified]Cache-Control]Accept-RangesTDate^Content-LengthZConnectionWX-Cache\Content-TypeSAge_Sun-Java-System-Web-Server/7.0_Thu, 19 Jul 2007 21:29:58 GMTVpublicUbytes_Thu, 19 Jul 2007 21:55:53 GMTS225Zkeep-alive_ HIT from sciam-cache02.sciam.comS26512jkkl6_NSMutableDictionary\NSDictionary12noo6_NSHTTPURLResponseInternal12qrrs6_NSHTTPURLResponse]NSURLResponse$)2DILbd $0246jox   &4BPUdow(,15KX]`|tOif (navigator.appName.indexOf("Microsoft")>=0){ if (!getCookie('SUBPOPUNDER0707')){ WinPopUnder("/includes/pop_popunder.cfm",'subs_invite_magsubscribe',502,302,300,340); setCookie('SUBPOPUNDER0707', 'show', 1); } }_1http://www.sciam.com/includes/js/subs_popunder.js  %&'Obplist00 Y$archiverX$versionT$topX$objects_NSKeyedArchiver _WebResourceResponse )/078?JUZNS.objectsWNS.keys@ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRST VServer]Last-Modified]Cache-Control]Accept-RangesTDate^Content-LengthZConnectionWX-Cache\Content-TypeSAge_Sun-Java-System-Web-Server/7.0_Fri, 23 Jun 2006 17:19:33 GMTVpublicUbytes_Wed, 18 Jul 2007 17:55:57 GMTU18134Zkeep-alive_ HIT from sciam-cache01.sciam.comT200212jkkl6_NSMutableDictionary\NSDictionary12noo6_NSHTTPURLResponseInternal12qrrs6_NSHTTPURLResponse]NSURLResponse$)2DILbd  %1357kpy   '5CQVepx+059O\adtOF/************************ ADDITIONAL FEATURES ************************ Plugins */ /************************** CONFIG SECTION **************************/ /* You may add or alter any code config here. */ /* Specify the Report Suite ID(s) to track here */ var s_account="sciamglobal,sciamcom" /* E-commerce Config */ var s_currencyCode="USD" var s_eVarCFG="" /* Link Tracking Config */ var s_trackDownloadLinks=true var s_trackExternalLinks=true var s_trackInlineStats=true var s_linkDownloadFileTypes="exe,zip,wav,mp3,mov,mpg,avi,wmv,doc,pdf,xls" var s_linkInternalFilters="javascript:,scientificamerican.com,sciam.com" var s_linkLeaveQueryString=true var s_linkTrackVars="None" var s_linkTrackEvents="None" /* Plugin Config */ var s_usePlugins=true function s_doPlugins() { var exp_date = new Date(); exp_date.setFullYear(exp_date.getFullYear()-1); /* Add calls to plugins here */ /* old code, for getting cookie value only //s_vp_getCGI("s_referrerTemp","oref"); //s_vp_getCGI("s_pageURLTemp","redirectused"); s_vp_getCookie("s_referrerTemp","OREF"); s_vp_getCookie("s_pageURLTemp","REDIRECTUSED"); if(s_vp_getValue('s_referrerTemp')){ //s_vp_getCGI("s_referrer","oref"); s_vp_getCookie("s_referrer","OREF"); document.cookie = "OREF=0; expires=" + exp_date.toGMTString(); } if(s_vp_getValue(' s_pageURLTemp')){ //s_vp_getCGI("s_pageURL","redirectused"); s_vp_getCookie("s_pageURL","REDIRECTUSED"); document.cookie = "REDIRECTUSED=0; expires=" + exp_date.toGMTString(); } end of old code */ // OREF s_vp_getCGI('tempOref','oref'); var tmp=s_vp_getValue('tempOref'); if (tmp!=null && tmp.length > 0){ s_vpr('s_referrerTemp', tmp); }else{ s_vp_getCookie("s_referrerTemp","OREF"); } if(s_vp_getValue('s_referrerTemp')){ // s_vpr("s_referrer","OREF"); // sets s_referrer equal to "OREF" // Optional - if you would like to use the following instead of the above, remove the comments (//) and delete the line above s_vpr("s_referrer",s_vp_getValue('s_referrerTemp')); // sets s_referrer to the value of s_referrerTemp document.cookie = "OREF=0; expires=" + exp_date.toGMTString(); } // REDIRECTUSED s_vp_getCGI('tempRedir','redirectused'); var redirtmp=s_vp_getValue('tempRedir') if(redirtmp!=null && redirtmp.length > 0){ s_vpr('s_pageURLTemp', redirtmp); }else{ s_vp_getCookie("s_pageURLTemp","REDIRECTUSED"); } if(s_vp_getValue('s_pageURLTemp')){ // s_vpr("s_pageURL","REDIRECTUSED"); // sets s_referrer to "REDIRECTUSED" // Optional - if you would like to use the following instead of the above, remove the comments (//) and delete the line above s_vpr("s_pageURL",s_vp_getValue('s_pageURLTemp')); // sets s_referrer to the value of s_pageURLTemp document.cookie = "REDIRECTUSED=0; expires=" + exp_date.toGMTString(); } s_vp_setValOnce('s_campaign'); } /************************** PLUGINS SECTION *************************/ /* You may insert any plugins you wish to use here. */ /* * Plugin: Get Plugin Modified Value */ function s_vp_getValue(vs) {var k=vs.substring(0,2)=='s_'?vs.substring(2):vs;return s_wd[ 's_vpm_'+k]?s_wd['s_vpv_'+k]:s_gg(k)} /* * Plugin: Get Query String CGI Variable Value */ function s_vp_getCGI(vs,k) {var v='';if(k&&s_wd.location.search){var q=s_wd.location.search, qq=q.indexOf('?');q=qq<0?q:q.substring(qq+1);v=s_pt(q,'&',s_cgif, k.toLowerCase())}s_vpr(vs,v)}function s_cgif(t,k){if(t){var te= t.indexOf('='),sk=te<0?t:t.substring(0,te),sv=te<0?'True': t.substring(te+1);if(sk.toLowerCase()==k)return s_epa(sv)} return ''} /* * Plugin: Get Value From Cookie */ function s_vp_getCookie(vs,k) {s_vpr(vs,s_c_r(k))} /* * Plugin Utilities v2.0 (Required For All Plugins) */ function s_vpr(vs,v){if(s_wd[vs])s_wd[vs]=s_wd[vs];else s_wd[vs]='' if(vs.substring(0,2) == 's_')vs=vs.substring(2);s_wd['s_vpv_'+vs]=v s_wd['s_vpm_'+vs]=1}function s_dt(tz,t){var d=new Date;if(t)d.setTime( t);d=new Date(d.getTime()+(d.getTimezoneOffset()*60*1000)) return new Date(Math.floor(d.getTime()+(tz*60*60*1000)))} function s_vh_gt(k,v){var vh='|'+s_c_r('s_vh_'+k),vi=vh.indexOf('|'+v +'='),ti=vi<0?vi:vi+2+v.length,pi=vh.indexOf('|',ti),t=ti<0?'': vh.substring(ti,pi<0?vh.length:pi);return t}function s_vh_gl(k){var vh=s_c_r('s_vh_'+k),e=vh?vh.indexOf('='):0;return vh?(vh.substring(0, e?e:vh.length)):''}function s_vh_s(k,v){if(k&&v){var e=new Date,st= e.getTime(),y=e.getYear(),c='s_vh_'+k,vh='|'+s_c_r(c)+'|',t=s_vh_gt(k, v);e.setYear((y<1900?y+1900:y)+5);if(t)vh=s_rep(vh,'|'+v+'='+t+'|','|' );if(vh.substring(0,1)=='|')vh=vh.substring(1);if(vh.substring( vh.length-1,vh.length)=='|')vh=vh.substring(0,vh.length-1);vh=v +'=[PCC]'+(vh?'|'+vh:'');s_c_w(c,vh,e);if(s_vh_gt(k,v)!='[PCC]') return 0;vh=s_rep(vh,'[PCC]',st);s_c_w(c,vh,e)}return 1} /* * Plugin: Get Value Once */ function s_vp_setValOnce(vs) {var cn='s_p1_'+vs,vsk=s_c_r(cn),vsv=s_vp_getValue(vs) if(vsv){vsv==vsk?s_vpr(vs,''):s_c_w(cn,vsv,0)}} /************* DO NOT ALTER ANYTHING BELOW THIS LINE ! **************/ var s_linkType,s_linkName,s_objectID,s_un,s_ios=0,s_q='',s_code='', code='',s_bcr=0,s_lnk='',s_eo='',s_vb,s_pl,s_tfs=0,s_etfs=0,s_wd= window,s_d=s_wd.document,s_ssl=(s_wd.location.protocol.toLowerCase( ).indexOf('https')>=0),s_n=navigator,s_u=s_n.userAgent,s_apn= s_n.appName,s_v=s_n.appVersion,s_apv,s_i,s_ie=s_v.indexOf('MSIE '), s_ns6=s_u.indexOf('Netscape6/');if(s_v.indexOf('Opera')>=0|| s_u.indexOf('Opera')>=0)s_apn='Opera';var s_isie=(s_apn== 'Microsoft Internet Explorer'),s_isns=(s_apn=='Netscape'),s_isopera=( s_apn=='Opera'),s_ismac=(s_u.indexOf('Mac')>=0);if(s_ie>0){s_apv= parseInt(s_i=s_v.substring(s_ie+5));if(s_apv>3)s_apv=parseFloat(s_i)} else if(s_ns6>0)s_apv=parseFloat(s_u.substring(s_ns6+10));else s_apv= parseFloat(s_v);function s_fl(s,l){return s?(s+'').substring(0,l):s} function s_co(o){if(!o)return o;var n=new Object,x;for(x in o)if( x.indexOf("select")<0&&x.indexOf("filter")<0)n[x]=o[x];return n} function s_num(x){var s=x.toString(),g='0123456789',p,d for(p=0;p 0?n.length:1;while(s&&i>=0){s=s.substring(0,i)+n+s.substring(i +o.length);i=s.indexOf(o,i+l)}return s}function s_ape(s){return s? s_rep(escape(''+s),'+','%2B'):s}function s_epa(s){return s?unescape( s_rep(''+s,'+',' ')):s}function s_pt(s,d,f,a){var t=s,x=0,y,r;while(t) {y=t.indexOf(d);y=y<0?t.length:y;t=t.substring(0,y);r=f(t,a);if(r) return r;x+=y+d.length;t=s.substring(x,s.length);t=x2?n:2;p=d.lastIndexOf('.');while(p>=0&& n>1){p=d.lastIndexOf('.',p-1);n--}s_c_d=p>0&&s_pt(d,'.',s_c_gdf,0)? d.substring(p):''}return s_c_d}function s_c_r(k){k=s_ape(k);var c=' ' +s_d.cookie,s=c.indexOf(' '+k+'='),e=s<0?s:c.indexOf(';',s),v=s<0?'': s_epa(c.substring(s+2+k.length,e<0?c.length:e));return v!='[[B]]'?v:'' }function s_c_w(k,v,e){var d=s_c_gd(),l=s_gg('cookieLifetime'),s;v='' +v;l=l?(''+l).toUpperCase():'';if(e&&l!='SESSION'&&l!='NONE'){s=(v!= ''?parseInt(l?l:0):-60);if(s){e=new Date;e.setTime(e.getTime()+(s*1000 ))}}if(k&&l!='NONE'){s_d.cookie=k+'='+s_ape(v!=''?v:'[[B]]')+'; ' +'path=/;'+(e&&l!='SESSION'?' expires='+e.toGMTString()+';':'')+(d? 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 July 19, 2007
News
July 18, 2007

Golf Course as Nature Preserve: A Place for Tiger and Amphibians

Among the things you might find in a golf course pond are errant balls, clubs hurled in anger and native amphibians
By David Biello


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Science Image: golfer-and-water-hazard
Image: © ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/MICHAEL BRAUN
NATURE PRESERVE?:  Water hazards like this pond proved a good place for baby amphibians despite contamination with pesticides and herbicides.
Golf courses are among the most manufactured of all landscapes: manicured greens, rigorously mowed fairways and chemical-laced ponds. "In essence, golf course managers are one-crop farmers; they grow grass," says Kevin Fletcher, executive director of Audubon International, a group dedicated to promoting golf courses as nature reserves (and no relation to the bird-, though not necessarily birdie-loving National Audubon Society).

Such an obsessive focus on grass, not to mention on knocking tiny white balls into little cups in the midst of verdant scenery, might not seem like the ideal setting for animal life. But new research, funded by the United States Golf Association (USGA), shows that water hazards, the bane of many a duffer's handicap, may provide a refuge for native amphibians, raising hopes that these human-dominated landscapes can provide them another habitat.


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"We went into this thinking that golf courses were going to be pretty nasty places," admits biologist and occasional golfer Ray Semlitsch of the University of Missouri–Columbia. "We started out with the idea that we'd be studying the effects of chemical contamination. Golf courses, from our perspective, seemed to be a place where there were a lot of chemicals used."

But those very chemicals may have actually helped the three amphibians studied: American toads, southern leopard frogs and spotted salamanders. Researchers placed 10 boxes containing quantities of amphibian young in four ponds—two on golf courses and two in chemical-free U.S. Geological Survey ponds.

To their surprise, the amphibians reared in the golf course ponds did better than those in the protected ponds. "One hypothesis is that contaminants used at the golf course sites could be negatively impacting invertebrate populations," but not the amphibians, says biologist and study co-author Michelle Boone of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. "Insects are more sensitive to insecticides than are most vertebrate species."

Science Image: spotted-salamander
Image: LINDSAY D. FUNK, USGS PATUXEN WILDLIFE RESEARCH CENTER
SALAMANDER SPOTTED:  Spotted salamander young thrived in golf course ponds but it remains unclear whether the woodland creatures could thrive as adults.
A chemical test conducted at the end of the summer experiment found no traces of contamination but they could have been present early in the season, Semlitsch argues. With fewer dragonfly and beetle larvae about, more of the three amphibians could survive to maturity as these insects are "voracious predators," he says.

The amphibians in the golf course ponds also only thrived there if no bullfrog tadpoles were present. These typically larger amphibian offspring dominate man-made ponds throughout North America, gobbling up all available food, including their smaller peers, biologists say.

It remains unclear, however, whether the three amphibian species could complete their life cycles on the course. One of the test courses "would have to be changed radically to maintain those species," Semlitsch says, but the other has "a fair amount of natural habitat, including oak-hickory forest and native grasses. I think it could maintain a small population, perhaps. I don't know how healthy they might be."

Boone adds: "Amphibians associated with grasslands, for instance, may be more likely to be able to complete the life cycle on golf courses than forest-associated species, because there is more potential to maintain unmowed grassland areas than thick forests."

Given the proliferation of golf courses—there are more than 17,000 in the U.S. alone—combined with recent legal decisions limiting protection of wetlands, they may become some of the last such refuges. The key will be mimicking nature. "What we've done," Semlitsch says, "is create something that is totally artificial," ponds that never dry. By drying the ponds long enough to kill bullfrog tadpoles—a few days in late summer to match natural cycles—golf course managers could promote a broad range of biodiversity as amphibians and other species thrive in such temporary wetlands. This recommendation could work throughout the continental U.S., and even in Europe.

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